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目的 本研究旨在系统分析国外航天员队伍的规模发展历程、类型组成变化及影响因素，重点探讨美国、前苏联/俄罗斯、欧洲各国以及其他国家在职业与非职业航天员选拔、队伍结构、性别比例、选拔标准等方面的演变规律，以期为航天员队伍的科学规划与建设提供数据支撑和决策参考。方法 通过历史数据统计与比较分析法，梳理截至2025年11月国外806名职业航天员和134名非职业航天员的选拔和个人记录，结合美国、前苏联/俄罗斯、欧洲各国主要航天国家载人航天任务进展，总结航天员队伍规模的变化规律。结果 从规模发展来看，航天员队伍规模与航天任务、技术发展和国家资源投入息息相关；在队伍专业背景构成方面，航天员类型随任务的需要逐步丰富；在队伍组成方面，女性航天员人数逐步增加，选拔人群更加多样；此外，商业航天的崛起促使越来越多的国家和人员参与载人航天事业。结论 应与时俱进，调整航天员队伍规模，前瞻布局航天员队伍的专业类型，持续优化航天员选拔技术体系，提前开展商业航天员选训技术与运行机制研究，旨在构建规模合理、结构多元、能力卓越的现代化航天员队伍，以支撑载人航天空间站长期运营、载人月球探测和深空探测等任务。
Abstract：Objective To systematically analyze the scale evolution,compositional dynamics,and influencing factors of foreign astronaut corps,with a focus on exploring the development regularities of professional and non-professional astronaut selection,team structure,gender ratio,and selection criteria in the United States,the Soviet Union/Russia,European countries,and other nations,to provide data-driven support and policy guidance for the scientific planning and construction of astronaut corps.Methods Through historical data statistics and comparative analysis,the selection and personal records of 806 professional astronauts and 134 non-professional astronauts from foreign countries as of November 2025 were reviewed.Combined with the progress of manned spaceflight missions of major spacefaring nations including the United States,the Soviet Union/Russia,and European countries,the patterns of change in astronaut corps scale were summarized.Results In terms of scale development,the size of astronaut corps is closely related to space missions,technological advancement,and national resource investment.Regarding professional background composition,astronaut types have been gradually enriched according to mission needs.In terms of corps composition,the number of female astronauts has gradually increased,and the selection population has become more diverse.Furthermore,the rise of commercial spaceflight has prompted an increasing number of countries and individuals to participate in manned spaceflight endeavors.Conclusion It is necessary to keep pace with the times by adjusting the scale of astronaut corps,proactively planning the professional types of astronaut corps,continuously optimizing the astronaut selection technology system,and conducting research on commercial astronaut selection,training technology,and operational mechanisms in advance.The goal is to build a modern astronaut corps with a reasonable scale,diversified structure,and excellent capabilities to support long-term operation of manned space stations,manned lunar exploration,and deep space exploration missions.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.16289/j.cnki.1002-0837.2026.04002
中图分类号:V527
引用信息:
[1]管春磊,吴大蔚,董卫军,等.国外航天员队伍规模及发展规律研究[J].航天医学与医学工程,2026,37(04):346-352.DOI:10.16289/j.cnki.1002-0837.2026.04002.
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