航天医学与医学工程

本文提出一种载人航天系统的新型设计思想 ,即以航天员为本的设计思想。文章首先论述了什么是以人为本的设计思想 ,指出以人为本的设计思想就是在系统设计中将人的作用作为设计的根本、中心和依据。以往的系统设计都是用以技术为本的设计思想 ,但实践证明以技术为本的设计思想存在严重问题 ,导致一系列重大事故 ,因而为以人为本的设计思想所取代。文章介绍了国际民航组织发表的以人为本的自动化的 1 0条设计原则 ,另外又介绍了美国航空航天局约翰逊航天中心的人适合性要求。但前者不适合载人航天系统 ,而后者又没有明确以人为本的设计原则 ,因此文章根据航天医学工程研究所医工结合的长期实践和人 -机 -环境系统工程的理论 ,提出一套以航天员为本的设计要求。该设计要求共分 4大类 ,即对载人航天系统设计的总要求、人 -机关系、人 -环关系和人际关系要求。设计要求中特别强调航天员在载人航天系统中始终处于中心位置 ,载人航天系统的设计应从航天员的安全、健康和作用出发 ,应在确保航天员安全、健康和作用的前提下进行载人航天系统的设计。因此应成立一个由航天医学工程方面的专家 ,航天工效学专家和航天员构成的专家组参加载人航天系统的设计、测试和验收 ,并协助飞行控制总指挥完成飞行实施阶段的指

Astronaut centered design philosophy is a new concept suggested by the authors for manned space system design. It stems from human centered design philosophy. Human centered design means that human role is regarded as important basis and foundation for system design. At the begining, the engineers used to adopt technology centered philosophy for designing complex system, but much practice proved that the technology centered design philosophy won ,t work, resulting in lower system safety and performance. So it has been currently replaced by human centered philosophy. As examples, the principles of human centered automation of the International Civil Aviation Organization and NASA JSC ,s Human rating Requirements were introduced. At last, the astronaut centered design philosophy and its requirements were put forward by the authors. These requirements consist of: general requirements, man machine interaction requirements, man environment interaction requirements and interpersonal relationship requirements.