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神经调控技术作为神经科学与工程技术的交叉领域，从开环刺激模式逐步发展为具备实时反馈能力的闭环交互，为认知功能调节提供了创新性干预手段。本文系统综述了开环和闭环神经调控技术的原理及其在认知调节中的应用。传统开环神经调控通过在预设参数下施加电、磁等物理刺激，广泛应用于患者认知康复与健康人群的注意力、学习记忆等基础认知能力提升；闭环神经调控借助脑机接口等技术，通过实时解码脑电信号并动态调整干预策略，实现了个性化、自适应的认知增强。在军事领域中，这两类技术被用于缓解作战人员在复杂军事环境下的认知疲劳，提升警戒能力、态势感知与任务执行效能。尽管神经调控在认知增强方面展现出广阔前景，但仍面临效应持续时间短、个体差异及数据隐私、军事伦理等技术与伦理挑战。未来应推动多模态融合、系统集成与实战化应用研究，以实现其在复杂军事环境中可持续、安全的应用。
Abstract：As an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of neuroscience and engineering, neuromodulation technology has evolved from open-loop stimulation modes to closed-loop interactive systems with real-time feedback, enabling innovative interventions for cognitive regulation. This paper systematically reviews the principles of open-loop and closed-loop neuromodulation technologies and their applications in cognitive regulation. Traditional open-loop neuromodulation applies preset electrical, magnetic or other physical stimuli and is widely used for cognitive rehabilitation in patients and for enhancing basic cognitive abilities such as attention, learning and memory in healthy populations. Closed-loop neuromodulation, enabled by technologies such as brain-computer interfaces(BCI), decodes brain signals in real time and dynamically adjusts intervention strategies, thereby achieving personalized and adaptive cognitive enhancement. In the military domain, both types of techniques are utilized to alleviate cognitive fatigue among combat personnel in complex military environments, and to improve vigilance, situational awareness and task performance. Although neuromodulation shows great promise for cognitive enhancement, it still faces technological and ethical challenges, including short-lived effects, individual variability, data privacy issues, and military ethics concerns. Future efforts should emphasize multimodal fusion, system integration, and combat-oriented application research to realize sustainable and safe deployment in complex military settings.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.16289/j.cnki.1002-0837.2026.03015
中图分类号:TN911.7;R82
引用信息:
[1]郝梦婷,谢多,冯立爽,等.从开环到闭环：神经调控技术在认知调节中的应用[J].航天医学与医学工程,2026,37(03):317-323.DOI:10.16289/j.cnki.1002-0837.2026.03015.
2026-06-25
2026-06-25