航天医学与医学工程

目的 针对不同技能水平的手控遥操作交会对接任务操作者，提出覆盖不同操作难度的训练用例选取方法，设计出针对性的训练方法，为提升航天员操作训练效能提供依据。方法 招募24名男性健康志愿者，根据手控交会对接操作技能水平分为新手水平组（5人）、中等水平组（10人）和专家水平组（9人），按照设定的实验用例和轮次开展操作实验，利用实验设备记录操作绩效结果数据。结果 （1）中等水平志愿者的各绩效指标普遍在不同轮次间表现出了明显差异，新手和专家水平志愿者的部分绩效指标在不同轮次间表现出了明显差异。（2）随着训练次数的增加，新手和中等水平志愿者对姿态角度调整难度的敏感度和稳定控制能力明显提高；姿态角控制精度和燃料消耗指标能够有效表征各类志愿者的绩效表现，通过多轮次训练，志愿者在姿态角控制精度上的把握能力和整个对接过程中的控制稳定性得到有效提高。结论 （1）在训练用例设置上，应根据操作者技能掌握程度和操作薄弱环节，进行针对性的训练科目初始偏差、羽流、延时匹配设计。（2）在训练安排上，应根据操作者技能水平等级，分别设计针对性的训练频次和周期，并根据训练过程中的技能水平变化动态调整训练重点。（3）本研究所设计的训练方法适用于中等水平操作者，后续可进一步开展针对新手和专家水平操作者的专项训练用例和训练轮次安排研究。

Objective To enhance the operational efficiency of astronaut training by proposing a training case selection method covering varying levels of operational difficulty and designing tailored training protocols specific to operators with different skill levels in manual teleoperated rendezvous and docking tasks. Methods 24 volunteers were recruited and categorized into novice, intermediate and expert groups based on their manual rendezvous and docking skill levels. Operational experiments were conducted according to predefined experimental cases and rounds. Operational performance data recorded by experimental equipment. Results(1) Performance indicators of intermediate-level volunteers generally showed significant differences across rounds, while some performance indicators of novice and expert-level volunteers also showed significant variations between different rounds.(2) As training frequency increased, novice and intermediate-level volunteers showed significantly improved sensitivity to the difficulty of attitude angle adjustment and enhanced stable control capability. Attitude angle control precision and fuel consumption metrics effectively characterized the performance of all volunteer groups. Through multiple training rounds, volunteers significantly improved their ability to control attitude angle precision and overall docking stability. Conclusion(1) In training case design, initial deviations, plume effects, and delay matching should be tailored according to the operator's skill proficiency and operational weaknesses.(2) In training scheduling, training frequency and duration should be customized according to skill level, with training priorities dynamically adjusted based on evolving skill performance.(3) The training method designed in this study is suitable for intermediate-level operators. Follow-up research should be conducted to develop specialized training cases and session arrangements for novice and expert-level operators.